2026/9/14 13:29:59 2026/9/14 13:29:59 2026/9/14 13:29:59 Plutella xylostella is a major pest of cruciferous vegetables and causes substantial economic losses to agricultural production each year. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a variety of insecticidal proteins, including Cry1Ac, which have been widely used for the control of P. xylostella because of their high efficacy, target specificity, and environmental safety. However, the evolution of resistance to the Bt Cry1Ac toxin in P. xylostella has greatly reduced the effectiveness of Bt-based pest control. This review summarizes the resistance mechanisms of P. xylostella to Bt Cry1Ac toxin, with particular emphasis on resistance evolution mediated by alterations in midgut receptors and signaling pathways. Future research directions are also discussed, highlighting the need to integrate modern genetics, molecular biology, and multi-omics approaches to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Bt resistance.]]> 2026/9/14 13:29:59 2026/9/14 13:30:00 2026/9/14 13:30:00 2026/9/14 13:30:00 Cenchrus pauciflorus, native to the Americas, has rapidly spread across northern China since its introduction in the late 20th century, invading ecologically fragile regions such as the Horqin Sandy Land, the Liaohe River Basin, and the Inner Mongolian grasslands, where it has become a major invasive species threatening the ecological security of sandy grasslands and agro-pastoral ecotones. The burrs of C. pauciflorus are armed with retrorse bristles that readily attach to dispersal vectors, facilitating long-distance dispersal. Coupled with its high tolerance to adverse conditions such as drought, nutrient-poor soils, and saline-alkaline environments, these traits have laid the foundation for its successful invasion. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on C. pauciflorus from four perspectives: reproductive strategies, responses abiotic stress, allelopathic inhibition, and interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms. It further elucidates the multidimensional adaptive mechanisms and ecological effects underlying its invasion. Based on this synthesis, current research limitations and future research directions are proposed to deepen the understanding of invasion ecology and provide a scientific basis for the management and control of C. pauciflorus.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:00 Bacillus, reconstruct a healthy rhizosphere microecosystem, and thereby reduce crop disease risks. In contrast, susceptible varieties secrete massive amounts of organic acids, saccharides and amino acids, which serve as nutritional substrates for pathogen colonization and reproduction, accelerating the spread and epidemics of soil-borne diseases. Future research should systematically investigate how collection methods affect the detection of root exudate components, accurately identify core disease-suppressive allelochemicals and dissect their molecular resistance mechanisms, and uncover the interactive regulatory network between root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms. Meanwhile, novel analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) should be applied in allelopathy research to establish a targeted breeding system based on rhizosphere chemical defense. This review aimed to provide solid theoretical foundations and technical support for improving the theoretical framework of crop disease resistance and facilitating the precision breeding of diseaseresistant varieties.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:01 MoENCH1 in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, a MoENCH1 knockout mutant was generated using the split-marker approach, and a complemented strain was subsequently constructed. The biological functions of MoENCH1 were systematically characterized, and the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in pathogenicity were further investigated with transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that, compared with the wildtype strain, the MoENCH1 knockout mutant significantly reduced growth rates on oatmeal agar (OMA), complete medium, and minimal medium. Sporulation on OMA was significantly decreased, accompanied by reduced conidial germination and appressorium formation rates. In addition, the mutant was insensitive to the cell wall stress agent Congo red and exhibited significantly reduced pathogenicity toward both barley and rice. Transcriptome analysis indicated that MoENCH1 is involved in regulating pathways related to autophagy, peroxisomes, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in M. oryzae. These results demonstrate that MoENCH1 plays important roles in regulating hyphal growth, sporulation, conidial germination, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:01 Zea mays) in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, high-throughput sequencing combined with reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5'/3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'/3' RACE) was used to identify the virus and determine its complete genome sequence. Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using NCBI BLAST, MegAlign, and IQ-TREE. RT-PCR was further used to investigate the occurrence and distribution of the virus in different regions of Gansu Province. The results showed that maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV) was identified from symptomatic maize samples collected in Dingxi City and the isolate was designated MNeSV-DX. The complete genome of MNeSV-DX was 4 094 nt in length and contained five predicted open reading frames. Its genomic organizationwas identical to that of the US isolates (GenBank accession numbers NC_007729.1 and AF266518.2). The complete genome shared 98.8% nucleotide sequence identity and 99.0% amino acid sequence identity with these reference isolates. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the three isolates clustered within the same clade, indicating a close evolutionary relationship with limited genetic divergence. RT-PCR detection further demonstrated the presence of MNeSV in maize samples collected from Dingxi, Gannan, and Longnan in Gansu Province. These findings indicate that MNeSV can naturally infect maize in China and is closely associated with the chlorotic streak symptoms observed in Dingxi City, highlighting the need for increased attention to the occurrence and spread of this virus.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:02 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its infectivity was tested in Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Capsicum annuum with Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. The results showed that the complete genome of ToBRFV-MZ was 6 396 nt in length (GenBank accession no. PV832075), encoding four functional proteins. Whole-genome nucleotide sequence alignment revealed that ToBRFV-MZ shared over 99% identity with other reported ToBRFV isolates, with the highest identity of 99.73% to the Yinchuan isolate from China (GenBank accession no. OR500698). Phylogenetic analysis further demonstrated that ToBRFV-MZ was most closely related to the Yinchuan and the JS-2022 isolate (GenBank accession no. OR593752), and these isolates clustered in the same subclade. Infectivity assays indicated that the pCB301-2¦Ì -ToBRFV-MZ cDNA clone systemically infected N. benthamiana, inducing typical symptoms such as yellowing, leaf crinkling, outward curling, and wilting. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the virions produced by this clone were similar in morphology and size to those of wildtype ToBRFV-MZ. The ToBRFV-MZ infectious clone induced leaf curling, chlorosis, and deformation symptoms in tomato plants, and it caused leaf necrosis along with plant stunting in pepper plants. Its pathogenicity was comparable to that of the wild-type ToBRFV-MZ, with no significant differences in viral RNA and coat protein accumulation in systemically infected leaves. In conclusion, this study acquired the complete genome sequence of the ToBRFV-MZ isolate, and the constructed full-length cDNA clone pCB301-2¦Ì-ToBRFV-MZ could establish systemic infection in host plants.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:02 Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), differentially expressed genes were screened based on transcriptome sequencing data of resistant and susceptible cultivars. The HvnSHSP21 gene was cloned, and its sequence characteristics and expression patterns were analyzed. The sequence structure and phylogenetic relationship of the encoded protein were examined, and its expression levels under stripe disease stress in different resistant cultivars were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that an identical 582 nt coding sequence (CDS) was cloned from both the resistant cultivar THIBAUT and the susceptible cultivar Z1141, which encodes a stable hydrophilic protein consisting of 193 amino acids. Two nucleotide differences were found between the two cultivars, resulting in two amino acid changes. The protein contains an alpha-crystallin domain, lacks transmembrane domains and signal peptides, and is predicted to localize to the chloroplast. Its secondary structure is mainly composed of random coils and ¦Á-helices, with differences observed between the two cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HvnSHSP21 protein from the resistant cultivar shared 100.00% homology with barley SHSP. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the HvnSHSP21 gene was induced by stripe disease stress. Following inoculation with Pyrenophora graminea, the transcript levels of HvnSHSP21 were significantly up-regulated in all four hulless barley cultivars (24-189, 9726, 22-732, and 0349-1).Notably, resistant cultivars exhibited significantly higher HvnSHSP21 expression than susceptible cultivars (P<0.05).]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:03 Nicotiana tabacum and associated weeds were collected from Guiyang, Anshun, and Xingyi cities between August and October 2025. Viruses were detected and analyzed using metatranscriptomic sequencing and reverse transcription-PCR. Genetic analysis of ChiVMV was performed based on the coat protein (CP) gene sequence alignment, SDT pairwise nucleotide identity analysis, and the construction of a neighborjoining phylogenetic tree. A total of eight viruses were identified in this research. The top three most frequently detected viruses were tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco vein distorting virus (TVDV), and potato virus Y (PVY) together with ChiVMV. Notably, the detection rate of ChiVMV in tobacco samples from Guiyang was as high as 87.50%, and the virus was also prevalent in tobacco from Anshun and in weeds from seedling nurseries in Xingyi, indicating that it has become widely established in Guizhou tobacco-growing regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the CP gene revealed that ChiVMV isolates exhibited a genetic structure of local endemic circulation in southwestern China (centered in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces) as well as in Liaoning Province, and might have undergone long-distance dispersal or introduction events involving South Asian regions such as Pakistan and India. Furthermore, the detection rate of ChiVMV in associated weeds from Xingyi seedling nurseries reached 100.00%, suggesting that these weeds serve as an important primary inoculum source for virus transmission. These findings indicate a high epidemic potential and transmission risk of ChiVMV in Guizhou tobacco-growing areas. Therefore, it is critical to monitor virus diversity and focus on controlling weedbased virus sources during the seedling nursery stage, thereby curbing its spread from the source.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:03 TaqMan probe. Specific primers and the fluorescent probe were designed based on the conserved region of the coat protein (CP) gene of PPV. The repeatability, sensitivity, specificity, and practical application performance of the assay were evaluated. The results showed that optimal amplification signal was obtained when the primer and the TaqMan probe concentrations were 0.6 ¦Ìmol/L and 0.2 ¦Ìmol/L, respectively. Repeatability analysis indicated that the coefficients of variation ranged from 0.61% to 1.59%, demonstrating low variability and high reproducibility. The sensitivity of this method for PPV detection was 100-fold higher than that of conventional RT-PCR, and no cross-reactivity was observed with other major viruses known to infect the Prunus plants, confirming its high specificity. The established method was subsequently applied to detect PPV infection in 30 Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) leaf samples and 80 Chinese plum (Prunus salicina) leaf samples. PPV was detected in all 28 Japanese apricot leaf samples with typical plum pox symptoms, but none of the asymptomatic Japanese apricot samples and all Chinese plum leaf samples tested positive for PPV. These results suggest that the developed RT-qPCR system in this study is suitable for the rapid and efficient detection of PPV and could be employed for field surveillance of this virus.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:04 Phakopsora pachyrhizi, an obligate biotrophic fungus that cannot be screened using conventional methods, a screening system based on inoculation of living soybean plants was established. Biocontrol bacteria were isolated from healthy soybean leaves, and antagonistic strains were identified based on morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Their inhibitory activity against P. pachyrhizii was evaluated using urediniospore germination inhibition assays. The expression of soybean defense-related genes following bacterial treatment was also determined, and greenhouse experiments were performed to evaluate the control efficacy of the selected strains. A total of 521 bacterial strains were isolated from healthy soybean leaves, among which five strains exhibited control efficacies greater than 70% against P. pachyrhizii. Strain z373 presented the highest control efficacy, reaching 83%. Based on morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, strain z373 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. This strain not only effectively inhibited the germination of P. pachyrhizii urediniospores but also enhanced the expression of soybean defense-related genes, thereby suppressing the pathogenicity of the pathogen. After preinoculating soybean leaves with a suspension of antagonistic bacterial strain z373, they were sprayed with a suspension of P. pachyrhizii spores at a concentration of 1×10⁵ spores/mL. The control efficacy remained 72.5% at 28 days post inoculation. These findings indicate that B. subtilis z373 has considerable potential as a biocontrol agent and may serve as a promising candidate for the green prevention and control of soybean rust.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:04 Pectobacterium atrosepticum, the main pathogen of potato blackleg disease, a rapid detection method was established based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The specific LAMP primers were designed based on the conserved region of gyrB gene in P. atrosepticum, and a rapid detection method for this fungus was established by screening and optimizing the reaction system. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions for the LAMP detection system were determined as follows: 4 mmol/L Mg²⁺, 1.6 mmol/L dNTPs, 6.4 U/mL Bst 2.0 DNA polymerase, 0.3 mol/L betaine, a reaction temperature of 61 ¡æ, and a reaction time of 40 min. The LAMP reaction system had high specificity for the detection of P. atrosepticum, and had no cross-reaction with other pathogens tested. The minimum detection limit of the genomic DNA was 6.4 pg/¦ÌL, and the sensitivity was 25-fold that of the conventional qPCR method. The results of the detection of suspected blackleg samples in the field by this detection method were consistent with those of the conventional PCR method, indicating that the established visual LAMP detection method was suitable for the early diagnosis and field monitoring of potato blackleg disease caused by P. atrosepticum.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:04 Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci was assessed using an in vitro antagonism assay. The strain was identified based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, atpD, gyrB, recA and rpoB genes. Fermentation conditions were optimized using single-factor experiments and an orthogonal experimental design. The antimicrobial spectrum, ex vivo biocontrol efficacy, and plant growth-promoting ability of the sterile filtrate from the fermentation broth were subsequently evaluated. The results showed that strain A15 exhibited significant antagonistic activity against P. syringae pv. tabaci, with an inhibition zone diameter of 1.86 cm. The strain was identified as Streptomyces xanthophaeus. The optimal fermentation medium consisted of 10 g/L soluble starch, 10 g/L yeast extract, and 15 g/L NaCl. The sterile filtrate of the fermentation broth exhibited broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against multiple bacterial and fungal pathogens and showed good control efficacy against tobacco wildfire disease, apple Valsa canker, and kiwifruit bacterial canker. Additionally, strain A15 produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores, and its fermentation broth promoted tobacco seedling root elongation and shoot dry matter accumulation. In conclusion, strain A15 possesses considerable biocontrol potential and may serve as a promising microbial resource for the biological control of multiple plant diseases.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:05 Epicoccum latusicollum, the dominant pathogen of maize white spot, were investigated. The in vitro toxicity of five commonly used fungicides (275 g/L pydiflumetofen·propiconazole, 18.7% propiconazole·azoxystrobin, 40% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole, 17% pyraclostrobin·epoxiconazole, and 40% difenoconazole) against E. latusicollum was evaluated, followed by assessment of their field efficacy against maize white spot. The results demonstrated that the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, culture medium, temperature, pH, and light condition for mycelial growth of strain FC1-2 were maltose, peptone, corn leaf powder agar, 25 ¡æ, pH 7, and continuous light, respectively. Among the five fungicides, 275 g/Lpydiflumetofen·propiconazole and 17% pyraclostrobin·epoxiconazole exhibited the strongest toxicity against E. latusicollum, with EC₅₀ values of 0.150 mg/L and 1.700 mg/L, respectively. The other three fungicides, 40% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole, 40% difenoconazole and 18.7% propiconazole·azoxystrobin, showed lower toxicity, with EC₅₀ values of 2.258, 3.196 and 6.930 mg/L, respectively. Among the five fungicides, 275 g/Lpydiflumetofen·propiconazole and 17% pyraclostrobin· epoxiconazole provided the highest field control efficacy against maize white spot, reaching 77.97% and 70.32%, respectively, at 25 days after the first application. In conclusion, pydiflumetofen·propiconazole and pyraclostrobin·epoxiconazole are effective fungicides for control of maize white spot in Liaoning Province.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:05 Penicillium italicum to prochloraz, the target enzyme genes CYP51A and CYP51B were PCR-amplified and sequenced, and their relative expression levels were determined for prochloraz-resistant and sensitive isolates collected from Sichuan, Jiangxi, and Hubei provinces. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) and molecular docking were employed to investigate the effects of different mutations in the CYP51A gene on fungal resistance levels. Compared with sensitive isolates, the target enzyme CYP51B from low-resistance (LR) isolates harbored the same four-amino acid mutations as high-resistance (HR) isolates. However, for another target enzyme CYP51A, HR isolates had three additional mutations (F170L, A181T, and F501L) compared with LR isolates. ATMT demonstrated that mutants carrying the single-point mutation of D93E, F170L, or A181T remained sensitive to prochloraz, while the F501L mutant had a resistance ratio of 20.2 compared with the parent sensitive isolate. Molecular docking showed that the binding affinity of CYP51A to prochloraz for the D93E, F170L, and A181T mutants showed no significant difference compared with the sensitive isolates, whereas the binding free energy for the mutant F501L increased from -8.99 kcal/mol to -8.68 kcal/mol. After treatment with prochloraz, CYP51A expression in LR isolates was upregulated 2.29-fold, and CYP51B expression in HR isolates was upregulated 2.30-fold, relative to sensitive isolates. In contrast, the expression levels of two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes were not significantly increased in either LR or HR isolates. In conclusion, the F501L mutation in CYP51A was the primary mechanism for high levels of prochloraz resistance in P. italicum, and elevated expression of the target genes CYP51A and CYP51B might also contribute to prochloraz resistance.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:06 Rosellinia necatrix isolated from pear-producing regions including Hubei and Fujian provinces. The highly pathogenic strain HB1-1-15 was selected for pot efficacy tests, and 250 g/L azoxystrobin suspension concentrate (SC) was chosen for field efficacy evaluation. The results showed that 250 g/L azoxystrobin SC exhibited the strongest antifungal activity among the tested fungicides, with an average EC₅₀ of 0.031 ¦Ìg/mL for the three tested strains. In pot experiments, the relative control efficacy of azoxystrobin SC against pear white root rot reached 98.33% at 28 days post-application. In field trials, the combination of 250 g/L azoxystrobin SC at 800-fold dilution and soil solarization yielded a disease decline rate of 68.71% and a relative control efficacy of 57.53% at four months posttreatment. In conclusion, 250 g/L azoxystrobin SC represents a promising candidate fungicide for the control of pear white root rot.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:06 Fusarium species were systematically investigated. The results showed that the cumulative release rate reached 89.23% at 72 h under simulated phloem alkaline conditions (pH 8.5). Compared with tebuconazole suspension concentrate, Teb@PMA exhibited a 22.11% reduction in contact angle on leaf surfaces and an increased retention rate of 41.41%. Moreover, Teb@PMA exhibited excellent bidirectional translocation. At 14 days after application, the tebuconazole content in middle leaves and roots was 0.306 mg/kg and 0.020 mg/kg, respectively, significantly higher than those of the suspension concentrate treatment. The in vitro toxicity assay showed that the EC₅₀ of Teb@PMA against Fusarium oxysporum was 3.168 mg/L, and the in vitro test demonstrated that its curative efficacy against yam stem rot was 52.46%, significantly higher than that of the suspension concentrate (18.03%). Collectively, these findings indicate that the PMA nanocarrier delivery system substantially improves the bidirectional translocation of tebuconazole within plants and its activity against F. oxysporum, showing promising potential for the management of soil-borne diseases.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:06 Harmonia axyridis, the homolog of Scalloped, a core component of the Hippo signaling pathway, was cloned and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. Its relative expression levels at different developmental stages, were determined, and the effects of Scalloped silencing on survival, adult emergence, forewing and hindwing perimeters and wing malformation were investigated. In addition, microscopic observations were performed to examine changes in the microstructure of wing-base muscles following Scalloped silencing. The results showed that the Scalloped protein contains highly conserved TEA and YAP functional domains. The amino acid sequence of Scalloped from H. axyridis showed high similarity to those of closely related coccinellid species, and the gene organization was highly conserved. Scalloped was expressed throughout all developmental stages of H. axyridis, with the highest relative expression in adults, followed by eggs, Injection of dsScalloped into the 3rd-instar larvae resulted in persisted gene silencing throughout the larval, pupal and adult stages, with an optimal dose of 80 ng per individual. Increasing doses of dsScalloped caused progressively more severe, wing malformation. At a dose of 80 ng per individual, both forewing and hindwing perimeters were significantly lower than those of the control group, flight capacity was completely lost, the pupal wing bases exhibited shrinkage and deformation, and fractured muscle fibers together with disorganized muscle cell arrangement were observed at the wing bases. These results demonstrate that Scalloped is a key regulator of wing morphogenesis, flight muscle development and metamorphosis in H. axyridis.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:07 Euchorthippus unicolor and E. vittatus as the dominant species. Diversity analysis revealed that the Simpson diversity index (0.67), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (1.29), and Margalef richness index (1.24) for typical grassland were all significantly higher than those for forest understory grassland (0.57, 1.00, 0.95, respectively) and field-margin grassland (0.61, 1.03, 1.04, respectively), indicating that vegetation structure, environmental conditions, and anthropogenic disturbances have a combined influence on grasshopper diversity and community structure. Temporally, the number of species (July 2023: 4.45 species; August: 4.01 species; September: 2.86 species; July 2024: 4.88 species; August: 4.26 species; September: 3.02 species), abundance (July 2023: 29.17 individuals; August: 19.57 individuals; September: 8.80 individuals; July 2024: 33.92 individuals; August: 22.11 individuals; September: 8.80 individuals), and all diversity indices were highest in July, followed by August, and lowest in September, reflecting the regular seasonal succession of the grasshopper community structure. These findings indicate that the community structure and diversity of grasshoppers in Kangping County are jointly influenced by seasonal variation and habitat type. Given its location within the ecological transition zone at the southern margin of the Horqin Sandy Land, longterm monitoring of insect diversity in Kangping County is essential for understanding species composition and community dynamics in transitional ecosystems.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:07 Bemisia tabaci, an entomopathogenic fungus was isolated and identified from naturally infected whitefly cadavers. The isolate was identified based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence analysis. Its biological characteristics were systematically evaluated, and its virulence against B. tabaci adults and field control efficacy were determined using a spray bioassay. The results showed that a single entomopathogenic fungal isolate was obtained and identified as Cordyceps javanicai, designated CJ01. The strain grew well at 28 ¡æ, pH 7.0, under continuous light (24 h), and exhibited relatively high sporulation and growth rate on malt extract agar (MEA). The spore yield reached 2.38×10⁸ conidia/plate after 7 days of cultivation. Under laboratory conditions, treatment with a spore suspension of 1.0×10⁸ conidia/mL resulted in a cumulative corrected mortality of 83.93% in adult B. tabaci at 3 days after treatment, with an LC₅₀ of 5.50×10⁶ conidia/mL. In field trials, the strain showed excellent control efficacy against B. tabaci on eggplant, reaching 68.56% at 14 days after application. These results indicate that C. javanica CJ01 possesses strong virulence against B. tabaci and has considerable potential for further development as a microbial biocontrol agent.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:07 Polygonatum sibiricum, the species and occurrence patterns of pests and natural enemies in under-forest P. sibiricum fields were investigated in Damin Village, Shuangfeng Township, Pan¡¯an County, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, in 2024. The laboratory toxicity and field control efficacy of ten commonly used insecticides against Myzus persica, and ten commonly used acaricides against Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus viennensis were determined, and the field control efficiency of Neoseiulus cucumeris against T. urticae and T. viennensis were also measured. The results showed that the peak occurrence period of M. persica in under-forest P. sibiricum fields was from June 25 to July 2; those of T. viennensis, T. urticae and Agrotis ipsilon were from June 11 to June 25, July 2 to July 16 and July 16 to July 30, respectively. The peak occurrence periods of grubs of Anomala and Holotrichia in the 0-20 cm soil layer were May and September, respectively. The peak occurrence periods of natural enemies, including lady beetles (Coccinella and Harmonia) and spiders (Lycosa, Pardosa and Misumenops) were from June 18 to July 9 and from July 2 to July 23, respectively. Afidopyropen, flupyradifurone, and cycloxaprid showed high laboratory toxicity against M. persicae, with LC₅₀ values of 0.857, 0.896 and 0.952 mg/L, respectively. Avermectin showed higher laboratory toxicity against T. viennensis than the other tested acaricides, with an LC₅₀ value of 0.033 mg/L. Avermectin, bifenazate, spirotetramat, and cyetpyrafen showed similar laboratory toxicity against T. urticae, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 4.787 to 5.772 mg/L. At 7 d after application, 5% afidopyropen dispersible concentrate and 17% flupyradifurone suspension concentrate showed corrected field control efficacies of more than 97.00% against M. persicae. The corrected field control efficacies of 1.8% avermectin EC against T. viennensis and T. urticae were 96.75% and 91.60%, respectively. The corrected field control efficacies of 30% indoxacarb WP against A. ipsilon and grubs were 89.40% and 75.00%, respectively, and its protective effects on P. sibiricum were 69.72% and 83.10%, respectively, which were higher than those of the other tested insecticides. At 7 d after release, the corrected field control efficacies of N. cucumeris against T. viennensis and T. urticae were 90.47% and 93.01%, respectively. Based on the occurrence patterns of M. persicae, T. urticae, T. viennensis, A. ipsilon, and grubs in under-forest P. sibiricum fields, 5% afidopyropen dispersible concentrate, 17% flupyradifurone suspension concentrate, 1.8% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate, and 30% indoxacarb wettable powder are recommended for the control of these pests, and N. cucumeris can be released in the filed to control T. viennensis and T. urticae.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:07 Mythimna separata, larvae were fed artificial diets supplemented with antibiotics at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L to eliminate their bacteria. The effects of different antibiotic concentrations on the growth, development and reproduction of M. separata were subsequently evaluated. The results revealed that treatment significantly affected larval developmental duration, larval survival rate, pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, pre-oviposition period, fecundity and adult lifespan. As the antibiotic concentration increased, larval and pupal developmental durations were progressively prolonged, whereas larval survival rate, pupation rate, pupal weight and adult emergence rate gradually decreased. In addition, the pre-oviposition period was extended, adult lifespan shortened, and fecundity declined. These results indicate that antibiotic-mediated depletion of gut bacteria adversely affects the growth, development and reproduction of M. separata.]]> 2026/9/14 13:30:08 2026/9/14 13:30:09